Effect of Sexual Harassment on Suicidal Ideation: Moderating role of Interpersonal Support and Resilience
Keywords:
Female university students, interpersonal support, resilience, sexual harassment, suicidal ideation
Abstract
Abstract
Background:Recently, there has been numerous cases of sexual harassment reported by Pakistani female university students. Among the consequences of harassment, suicidal ideation is the most prominent one. However, interpersonal support or resilience among the survivors might act as protective factors against suicidal ideation. This study examines the effect of sexual harassment on suicidal ideation and role of interpersonal support and resilience as moderators among female university students of Pakistan.
Methods:This study is a cross-sectional correlational research. A convenient sample of 180 female university students who scored high on sexual harassment are selected from different institutions of Pakistan.Sexual Experiences Questionnaire, Interpersonal Support Evaluation List-12, Brief Resilience Scale, and Suicidal Ideation Scale are used to assess sexual harassment, suicidal ideation, interpersonal support, and resilience.
Results:Inter-correlations provided significant relationships between the study variables. Sexual harassment predicted suicidal ideation. While, regression analysis proved that both interpersonal support and resilience did not act as moderators between sexual harassment and suicidal ideation.
Conclusions:Findings of this study underscores the importance of conducting more researches on harassment and suicidal behaviors in order to predict both protective and risk factors.
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References
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Martin, G., Bergen, H., Richardson, A., Roeger, L., & Allison, S. (2004). Sexual abuse and suicidality: gender differences in a large community sample of adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(5), 491-503. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.08.006
Nrugham, L., Holen, A., &Sund, A. (2010). Associations between Attempted Suicide, Violent Life Events, Depressive Symptoms, and Resilience in Adolescents and Young Adults. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(2), 131-136. https://doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0b013e 181cc43a2.
Osama, M, Yousuful, I. M., Hussain S. A., Masroor, Z. M., Burney U. M., Masood A. M., Menezes G. R. and Rehman, R. (2014). Suicidal Ideation AmongMedical Students Of Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal Of Forensic And Legal Medicine, 65-68.
Qin , P., Agerbo, E. and Mortensen, P. B. (2003). Suicide Risk in Relation to Socioeconomic, Demographic, Psychiatric, and Familial Factors: A National Register–Based Study of All Suicides in Denmark, 1981–1997. The American Journal Of Psychiatry, 160(4) ,765-72.
Rudd, M. D. (1989). The prevalence of suicidal ideation among college students. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 19, 173-183.
Sexual Harassment | U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Eeoc.gov. (2020). Retrieved 28 November 2020, from https://www.eeoc.gov/sexual harassment.
Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International journal of behavioral medicine,15(3), 194 200.
Trujillo, M., Perrin, P., Sutter, M., Tabaac, A., &Benotsch, E. (2016). The buffering role of social support on the associations among discrimination, mental health, and suicidality in a transgender sample. International Journal of Transgenderism, 18(1), 39-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2 16.1247405.
Ullman, S., &Brecklin, L. (2002). Sexual Assault History and Suicidal Behavior in a National Sample of Women. Suicide And Life Threatening Behavior, 32(2), 117 130. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.32.2.11 24398
Yoon, J., Lee, J., Lee, C., Cho, M., &Lee, S. (2014). Suppressor effects of coping strategies on resilience. Asia Pacific Education Review, 15(4), 537 545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564 014-9343-8
Yousafzai, S. (2020). University students unable to escape ‘unwelcoming advances’ by teachers. Daily Times. Retrieved 29 November 2020, from https://dailytimes.com.pk/556063/u versity-students-unable-to-escape unwelcoming advances-by teachers/.
Youssef, N., Green, K., Dedert, E., Hertzberg, J., Calhoun, P., &Dennis, M. et al. (2013). Exploration of the Influence of Childhood Trauma, Combat Exposure, and the Resilience Construct on Depression and Suicidal Ideation Among U.S. Iraq/Afghanistan Era Military Personnel and Veterans. Archives Of Suicide Research, 17(2), 106-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2 13.776445
Zhang, D., Wang, R., Zhao, X., Zhang, J., Jia, J., Su, Y., & Wang, K. (2020). Role of resilience and social support in the relationship between loneliness and suicidal ideation among Chinese nursing home residents. Aging & Mental Health, 1 11. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2 20.1786798
APA PsycNet. Psycnet.apa.org. (2020). Retrieved 30 December 2020, from https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2001 01063-025.
Ariapooran, S., Heidari, S., Asgari, M., Ashtarian, H., &Khezeli, M. (2018). Individualism Collectivism, Social Support, Resilience and Suicidal Ideation among Women with the Ashfaq, A. (2020). Sexual harassment. DAWN.COM. Retrieved 30 December 2020, from https://www.dawn.com/news/14868 6.
Bal, S., Crombez, G., Van Oost, P., & Debourdeaudhuij, I. (2003). The role of social support in well-being and coping with self-reported stressful events in adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(12), 1377-1395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.200 .06.002
Cleverley, K., & Kidd, S. (2011). Resilience and suicidality among homeless youth. Journal Of Adolescence, 34(5), 1049-1054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescenc .2010.11.003
Cohen, S., & Hoberman, H. (1983). Positive events and social supports as buffers of life change stress. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13, 99 125.
Cortina, L. (2004). Hispanic Perspectives on Sexual Harassment and Social Support. Personality And Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(5), 570-584. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203 62854
deLara, E. (2012). Why Adolescents Don't Disclose Incidents of Bullying and Harassment. Journal Of School Violence, 11(4), 288-305. doi: 10.1080/15388220.2012.705931
Esposito, C., &Clum, G. (2002). Social support and problem-solving as moderators of the relationship between childhood abuse and suicidality: Applications to a delinquent population. Journal Of Traumatic Stress, 15(2), 137-146. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:10148600 4980
Fitzgerald, L. F., Shullman, S. L., Bailey, N., Richards, M., Swecker, J., Gold, Y., Ormerod, A. J., & Weitzman, L. (1988). The dimensions and extent of sexual harassment in higher education and the workplace. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 32, 152-175.
Frank, E., Carrera, J., Stratton, T., Bickel, J., & Nora, L. (2006). Experiences of belittlement and harassment and their correlates among medical students in the United States: longitudinal survey. BMJ, 333(7570), 682. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38924.722037.7c
Goodemann, C., Zammitt, K., & Hagedorn, M. (2012). The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing: Student Harassment Veiled as Bullying. Children & Schools, 34(2), 124 127. doi: 10.1093/cs/cds022
Hawton, K., & van Heeringen, K. (2009). Suicide. The Lancet, 373(9672), 1372 1381. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140 6736(09)60372-x
He, B., Hu, T., Xiao, J., Peng, J., &Kuang, X. (2018). Relationship between resilience, social support as well as anxiety/depression of lung cancer patients: A cross sectional observation study. Journal Of Cancer Research And Therapeutics, 14(1), 72. doi: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_849_17
Ho, C., Chee, C., & Ho, R. (2020). Mental Health Strategies to Combat the Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID 19) Beyond Paranoia and Panic. Annals Of The Academy Of Medicine, Singapore, 49(3), 155-160. https://doi.org/10.47102/annals acadmedsg.202043
Luiselli, J, Russo, D., Christian, W., & Wilczynski, S. (2008). Effective practices for children with autism: Educational and behavioral support interventions that work.Oxford University Press.
MacKusick, C. I., &Minick, P. (2010). Why are nurses leaving? Findings from an initial qualitative study on nursing attrition. Nursing, 19(6), 335-340.
Martin, G., Bergen, H., Richardson, A., Roeger, L., & Allison, S. (2004). Sexual abuse and suicidality: gender differences in a large community sample of adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(5), 491-503. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.08.006
Nrugham, L., Holen, A., &Sund, A. (2010). Associations between Attempted Suicide, Violent Life Events, Depressive Symptoms, and Resilience in Adolescents and Young Adults. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(2), 131-136. https://doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0b013e 181cc43a2.
Osama, M, Yousuful, I. M., Hussain S. A., Masroor, Z. M., Burney U. M., Masood A. M., Menezes G. R. and Rehman, R. (2014). Suicidal Ideation AmongMedical Students Of Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal Of Forensic And Legal Medicine, 65-68.
Qin , P., Agerbo, E. and Mortensen, P. B. (2003). Suicide Risk in Relation to Socioeconomic, Demographic, Psychiatric, and Familial Factors: A National Register–Based Study of All Suicides in Denmark, 1981–1997. The American Journal Of Psychiatry, 160(4) ,765-72.
Rudd, M. D. (1989). The prevalence of suicidal ideation among college students. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 19, 173-183.
Sexual Harassment | U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Eeoc.gov. (2020). Retrieved 28 November 2020, from https://www.eeoc.gov/sexual harassment.
Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International journal of behavioral medicine,15(3), 194 200.
Trujillo, M., Perrin, P., Sutter, M., Tabaac, A., &Benotsch, E. (2016). The buffering role of social support on the associations among discrimination, mental health, and suicidality in a transgender sample. International Journal of Transgenderism, 18(1), 39-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2 16.1247405.
Ullman, S., &Brecklin, L. (2002). Sexual Assault History and Suicidal Behavior in a National Sample of Women. Suicide And Life Threatening Behavior, 32(2), 117 130. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.32.2.11 24398
Yoon, J., Lee, J., Lee, C., Cho, M., &Lee, S. (2014). Suppressor effects of coping strategies on resilience. Asia Pacific Education Review, 15(4), 537 545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564 014-9343-8
Yousafzai, S. (2020). University students unable to escape ‘unwelcoming advances’ by teachers. Daily Times. Retrieved 29 November 2020, from https://dailytimes.com.pk/556063/u versity-students-unable-to-escape unwelcoming advances-by teachers/.
Youssef, N., Green, K., Dedert, E., Hertzberg, J., Calhoun, P., &Dennis, M. et al. (2013). Exploration of the Influence of Childhood Trauma, Combat Exposure, and the Resilience Construct on Depression and Suicidal Ideation Among U.S. Iraq/Afghanistan Era Military Personnel and Veterans. Archives Of Suicide Research, 17(2), 106-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2 13.776445
Zhang, D., Wang, R., Zhao, X., Zhang, J., Jia, J., Su, Y., & Wang, K. (2020). Role of resilience and social support in the relationship between loneliness and suicidal ideation among Chinese nursing home residents. Aging & Mental Health, 1 11. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2 20.1786798
Published
2022-01-19
Section
Articles
