Personal Relative Deprivation, Altruistic behaviour and Reciprocity Towards Strangers: Mediating Role of Belief in Just World
Keywords:
Personal relative deprivation, Altruism, Reciprocity, Belief in just world
Abstract
Background. The present study was conducted to explore the role of personal relative deprivation as a
predictor of altruistic behavior and reciprocity towards strangers. Moreover, the mediating role of belief in
just world about others was also assessed.
Method. The sample (N = 510) comprised of students (male = 144; female = 366) with ages ranging from
18 to 42 years (M = 22.9; SD = 4.2) from different universities of Pakistan.
Results. Results revealed that personal relative deprivation and belief in just world about others positively
predicted altruistic behavior and reciprocity towards strangers. Furthermore, it was also discovered that belief
in just world about others mediates the relationship between predicting variable i.e. personal relative
deprivation and outcome variables i.e. altruistic behavior and reciprocity.
Conclusion. Inculcating altruistic behavior can aid communities and governments in developing more
effective campaigns centered on encouraging prosocial behavior towards strangers.
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References
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Zaman, M. Q. (2018). Islam in Pakistan. Princeton University Press.
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Agnew, R. (2006). General strain theory: Current status and directions for further research. Taking stock: The status of criminological theory, 15, 101-123.
Amjad, S. M., & Ali, M. (2018). Philanthropy in Pakistan. Stanford Social Innovation Review.
Begue, L. (2002). Beliefs in justice and faith in people: Just world, religiosity and interpersonal trust. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(3), 375-382.
Begue, L. (2014). Do just‐world believers practice private charity? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44(1), 71-76.
Begue, L., Charmoillaux, M., Cochet, J., Cury, C., & De Suremain, F. (2008). Altruistic behavior and the bidimensional just world belief. The American Journal of Psychology, 47-56.
Benabou, R., &Tirole, J. (2006). Belief in a just world and redistributive politics. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(2), 699-746.
British Council. (2015). English Language in Pakistan’s Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.britishcouncil.pk/sites/default/files/english_language_in_pakistan_higher_education_-_2015.pdf.
Callan, M. J., Ellard, J. H., Shead, N. W., & Hodgins, D. C. (2008). Gambling as a search for justice: Examining the role of personal relative deprivation in gambling urges and gambling behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1514–1529. doi:10.1177/ 0146167208322956
Callan, M. J., Kim, H., Gheorghiu, A. I., & Matthews, W. J. (2017). The interrelations between social class, personal relative deprivation, and prosociality. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(6), 660–669.
Cialdini, R. B. (2001). Harnessing the science of persuasion. Harvard business review, 79(9), 72-81.
Coccia, M. (2018). A theory of general causes of terrorism: high population growth, income inequality and relative deprivation. Archives of Psychology, 2(4).
Dalbert, C. (1999). The world is more just for me than generally: About the personal belief in a just world scale's validity. Social Justice Research, 12(2), 79-98.
Dalbert, C. (2001). The justice motive as a personal resource: Dealing with challenges and critical life events. Science & Business Media: Springer.
Hofstede-Insights. (2020). What about Pakistan? Hofstede-Insights. Retrieved from https://www.hofstedeinsights.com/country/pakistan/
Edlund, J. E., Sagarin, B. J., & Johnson, B. S. (2007). Reciprocity and the belief in a just world. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(3), 589-596.
Erreygers, S., Vandebosch, H., Vranjes, I., Baillien, E., & De Witte, H. (2018). Positive or negative spirals of online behavior? Exploring reciprocal associations between being the actor and the recipient of prosocial and antisocial behavior online. New Media & Society, 20(9), 3437-3456.
Findley-Van Nostrand, D., & Ojanen, T. (2018). Forms of prosocial behaviors are differentially linked to social goals and peer status in adolescents. The Journal of genetic psychology, 179(6), 329-342.
Feigin, S., Owens, G., & Goodyear-Smith, F. (2014). Theories of human altruism: A systematic review. Annals of Neuroscience and Psychology, 1(1), 1-9.
John, L. K., Loewenfstein, G., & Rick, S. I. (2014). Cheating more for less: Upward social comparisons motivate the poorly compensated to cheat. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 123(2), 101-109.
Leites, M., & Ramos, X. (2018). The effect of relative concern on life satisfaction: Relative deprivation and loss aversion. Urguay: University of Republic Press.
Lerner, M. J. (1980). The Belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. New York, US: Springer.
Myers, D. G., & Twenge, J. M. (2017). Social Psychology (12th ed.). New York: Mcgraw Hill.
Pakistan Centre for Philanthropy. (2017). The state of individual philanthropy Pakistan. The Army Press.
Perugini, M., Gallucci, M., Presaghi, F., & Ercolani, A. P. (2003). The personal norm of reciprocity. European Journal of Personality, 17(4), 251-283.
Piferi, R. L., Jobe, R. L., & Jones, W. H. (2006). Giving to others during national tragedy: The effects of altruistic and egoistic motivations on long-term giving. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 23(1), 171-184.
Rushton, J. P., Chrisjohn, R. D., &Fekken, G. C. (1981). The altruistic personality and the self-report altruism scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 2(4), 293-302.
Strelan, P. (2007). The prosocial, adaptive qualities of just world beliefs: Implications for the relationship between justice and forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 881–890.
The World Bank. (2020). GDP per capita (current US$). Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=PK
Townsend, P. (1979). Poverty in the United Kingdom: a survey of household resources and standards of living. Univ of California Press.
Wenzel, K., Schindler, S., & Reinhard, M. A. (2017). General belief in a just world is positively associated with dishonest behavior. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 1770.
Witt, P. A., & Boleman, C. (2009). Adapted self-report altruism scale. Youth Development.
World Data Lab. (2021). World Poverty. Retrieved from https://worldpoverty.io/map.
Wu, M. S., Yan, X., Zhou, C., Chen, Y., Li, J., Zhu, Z., ... & Han, B. (2011). General belief in a just world and resilience: Evidence from a collectivistic culture. European Journal of Personality, 25(6), 431-442.
Zaman, M. Q. (2018). Islam in Pakistan. Princeton University Press.
Zhang, H., Liu, M., & Tian, Y. (2016). Individual-based relative deprivation (IRD) decreases prosocial behaviors. Motivation and Emotion, 40(5), 655-666.
Published
2022-12-26
Section
Articles
