True Leaders Never Stop Learning: Relationship between Intellectual Humility, Decision Making Self-Esteem, Decision Making Styles and Occupational Wellbeing among Educational Leaders
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33897/fujp.v9i1.751Keywords:
intellectual humility, decision making self-esteem, decision-making styles, occupational wellbeing, educational leadersAbstract
Background. Present study was aimed to examine relationships between intellectual humility, decision making self-esteem, decision-making styles and occupational wellbeing among educational leaders. Furthermore, predicting role of intellectual humility and decision making self-esteem on decision making styles have been focused.
Method. A sample of 150 Head of department of universities and Principals of colleges (aged 25-60 years) were selected belonging to different universities and colleges of Attock, Hasanabdal, Wah Cantt, Taxila, Rawalpindi, and Islamabad. Comprehensive Intellectual Humility Scale (Krumrei-Mancuso & Rouse, 2016), Decision-Making Self-Esteem Scale (Mann et al., 1997), Melbourne Decision-Making Questionnaire (Mann et al., 1997) and Work-Wellbeing Scale (Parker & Hyett, 2011) were used to measure research variables.
Results. Results showed that intellectual humility has significant positive relationship with decision making self-esteem, work satisfaction and vigilance style. Intellectual humility and decision making self-esteem significantly predict vigilance among educational leaders. On hypervigilance, the mean of educational leaders with less income comparatively to other groups is greater than mean of these groups.
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References
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Altemeyer, B. (2002). Dogmatic behavior among students: Testing a new measure of dogmatism. The Journal of social psychology, 142(6), 713-721. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540209603931
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Burnett, P. C. (1991). Decision-making style and self-concept. Australian Psychologist, 26(1), 55-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050069108258834
Daft, R. L. (2014). The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=KOfKAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR4&dq=the+leadership+experience&ots=CI0qzAjktZ&sig=Yg9pjdXb9Kto0FyAlzhkC6JBShM&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=the%20leadership%20experience&f=false
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Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied psychology, 86(3), 499. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
Deniz, M. (2006). The relationships among coping with stress, life satisfaction, decision making styles and decision self-esteem: An investigation with Turkish university students. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 34(9), 1161-1170. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.9.1161
Ding, N., Xu, X., Yang, H., Li, Y., & Van Heughten, P. (2020). Decision-making Styles of
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Eren, E. (2003). Yönetim ve Organizasyon (Ça?da? ve Küresel Yakla??mlar). [Management
and Organization (Contemporary and Global Perspectives)]. Istanbul: Beta Yay?nevi. https://doi.org/10.20448/journal.522.2019.52.362.368
Filipe, L. P., Alvarez, M. J., Roberto, M. S., & Ferreira, J. A. (2020). Validation and invariance across age and gender for the Melbourne decision-making questionnaire in a sample of portuguese adults. Judgement and Decision Making, 15(1), 135-148. http://.doi.org/10.4008/4707
Halbesleben, J. R., Zellars, K. L., Carlson, D. S., Perrewé, P. L., & Rotondo, D. (2010). The moderating effect of work-linked couple relationships and work–family integration on the spouse instrumental support-emotional exhaustion relationship. Journal of occupational health psychology, 15(4), 371. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020521
Hitt, M. A., Miller, C. C., & Collella, A. (2006). Organizational Behavior A Strategic Approach. John Willey and Sons. Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, 155-193. https://www.worldcat.org/title/organizational-behavior-a-strategic-approach/oclc/63143795
Houser, J. D. (1927). What the employer thinks. Harvard Univ. Press. https://doi.org/10.1086/214503
Iaffaldano, M. T., & Muchinsky, P. M. (1985). Job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 97(2), 251. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.97.2.251
Iqbal, H. S., Akhtar, M. M. S., & Saleem, M. (2020). A study of decision making styles of academic managers in public sector universities of the Punjab. Bulletin of Education and Research, 42(2), 181-196. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1280788
Isaksson, U., Hajdarevi?, S., Jutterström, L., & Hörnsten, Å. (2014). Validity and reliability
testing of the Swedish version of Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire. Scandinavian journal of caring sciences, 28(2), 405-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12052
Janis, I. L. (1982). Decision making under stress. Handbook of stress: Theoretical and
clinical aspects, 2, 56-74. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791464
Johnston, J. H., Driskell, J. E., & Salas, E. (1997). Vigilant and hyper vigilant decision making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(4), 614. https://doi.org/10.1037.
Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (1995). The Leadership Challenge: How to Keep Getting Extraordinary Things Done in Organizations.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Barry-Posner-2/publication/242601322_An_Instructor's_Guide_to_The_Leadership_Challenge/links/02e7e53b2e29405de7000000/An-Instructors-Guide-to-The-Leadership-Challenge.pdf
Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J. (2018). Humility in servant leadership among Christian student
leaders: A longitudinal pilot study. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 46(4), 253-267. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091647118807177
Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J., & Rouse, S. V. (2016).The development and validation of the comprehensive intellectual humility scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(2), 209-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2015.
Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J., & Rowatt, W. C. (2021). Humility in novice leaders: links to servant
leadership and followers’ satisfaction with leadership. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2021.
Kumar, S., & Gautam, N. (2018). Decision making styles among professor in central university of Bihar-An empirical study of predictors. International Journal of Law and Society, 1(2), 84-91. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20180102.15
Kuster, F., Orth, U., & Meier, L. L. (2013). High self-esteem prospectively predicts better work conditions and outcomes. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(6), 668-675. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550613479806
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer publishing company. Hay traducción en castellano, Es -trés y Procesos Cognitivos. Barcelona (1986), Martínez Roca S.A.
Leary, M. (2018). The psychology of intellectual humility. John Templeton Foundation, 3.
https://www.templeton.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/JTF_Intellectual_Humility_final
Leary, M. R., Diebels, K. J., Davisson, E. K., Jongman-Sereno, K. P., Isherwood, J. C.,
Raimi, K. T., & Hoyle, R. H. (2017). Cognitive and interpersonal features of intellectual humility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(6), 793-813. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217697695
Ma?den, D., & Küçük, A. A. (1993). Investigation of the relationship between locus of
control and self-esteem. 9. In Seminar on Pre-school Education and Dissemination, Ankara. https://doi.org/ 10.20448/journal.522.2019.52.362.368
Mann, L., Burnett, P., Radford, M., & Ford, S. (1997). The Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire: An instrument for measuring patterns for coping with decisional conflict. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 10(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(199703)10:1<1::AID-BDM242>3.0.CO;2-X
Mann, L., Radford, M., Burnett, P., Ford, S., Bond, M., Leung, K., ... & Yang, K. S. (1998). Cross?cultural differences in self?reported decision?making style and confidence. International journal of psychology, 33(5), 325-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/002075998400213
McElroy, S. E., Rice, K. G., Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., Hill, P. C., Worthington Jr, E. L., & Van Tongeren, D. R. (2014). Intellectual humility: Scale development and theoretical elaborations in the context of religious leadership. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 42(1), 19-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164711404200103
Meagher, B. R., Leman, J. C., Bias, J. P., Latendresse, S. J., & Rowatt, W. C. (2015). Contrasting self-report and consensus ratings of intellectual humility and arrogance. Journal of Research in Personality, 58, 35-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2015.07.002
M. Verma. (2022) Intellectual humility and decision-making ability. Psychology 228. https://sc.edu/about/offices-and-divisions/research/news-and-pubs/carave /archive/ 2021- spring/2021-humility.
Parker, G. B., & Hyett, M. P. (2011). Measurement of well-being in the workplace: The development of the Work Well-Being Questionnaire. The Journal of nervous and
mental disease, 199(6), 394-397. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31821cd3b9
Phillips, J. G., & Ogeil, R. P. (2017). Cannabis, alcohol use, psychological distress, and decision-making style. Journal of clinical and experimental
neuropsychology, 39(7), 670-681. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2016.1255311
Porter, T., Schumann, K., Selmeczy, D., & Trzesniewski, K. (2020). Intellectual humility predicts mastery behaviors when learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 80, 101888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101888
Rebellow, A. M., & Patra, D. S. (2017). Influence of Self Esteem in Decision Making Styles of Indian Corporate Executives–Public & Private Sectors. Journal of Business and Management, 19(11), 28-36. https://doi.org/10.9790/487X-1911042836
Rokeach, M. (1960). Open and closed mind. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.132.3420.142.b
Shiloh, S., Koren, S., & Zakay, D. (2001). Individual differences in compensatory decision making style and need for closure as correlates of subjective decision complexity and difficulty. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(4), 699710. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00073-8
Sinclair, M., Ashkanasy, N. M., & Chattopadhyay, P. (2010). Affective antecedents of intuitive decision making. Journal of Management & Organization, 16(3), 382-398. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.5172/jmo.16.3.382
Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2015). Recovery from job stress: The stressor?detachment model
as an integrative framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(S1), S72-S103. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1924
Towler, M. (2010). Rational decision making: An introduction. New York, NY: Wiley.
Urieta, P., Aluja, A., Garcia, L.F., Balada, F., & Lacomba, E. (2021). Decision-making and the alternative five factor personality model; exploring the role of personality traits, age, sex, and social positions. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/103389/fpsyg
Vaill, P. (1998). Spirited leading and learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
https://aura.antioch.edu/facbooks/82/
Van Horn, J. E., Taris, T. W., Schaufeli, W. B., & Schreurs, P. J. (2004). The structure of
occupational well-being: A Study among Dutch Teachers. https://doi.org/10.
1348/0963179041752718
Wang, J., & Yang, X. (2019). Intellectual humility and owning one’s limitations. Fudan
Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 12(3), 353-369.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40647-019-00260-8
Warr, P. (1987). Work, unemployment, and mental health. Oxford University Press.
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1987-98751-000
Whitcomb, D., Battaly, H., Baehr, J., & Howard-Snyder, D. (2017). Intellectual humility:
Owning our limitations. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 94(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12228
Zacher, H., & Schmitt, A. (2016). Work characteristics and occupational well-being: the role of age. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1411. https://doi.org/10.3389/.2016.
Al-Abedi, A. R. C., Khdair, W. A., Khudair, B., & Al-Hadrawi, A. A. (2021). Intellectual humility and organizational forgiveness of university leaders: A case of Iraq. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government. Vol, 27(3), 2771. https://doi.org/10.477500/cibg.2021.27.03.332
Altemeyer, B. (2002). Dogmatic behavior among students: Testing a new measure of dogmatism. The Journal of social psychology, 142(6), 713-721. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540209603931
Brett Beasley (2022). To make better decisions, get comfortable saying "I don't know.” On the Surprising Power of Intellectual Humility, 11(2). https://ethicalleadership.nd.edu/news/intellectual-humility-to-make-better-decisions-get-comfortable-saying-i-dont-know/
Burnett, P. C. (1991). Decision-making style and self-concept. Australian Psychologist, 26(1), 55-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050069108258834
Daft, R. L. (2014). The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=KOfKAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR4&dq=the+leadership+experience&ots=CI0qzAjktZ&sig=Yg9pjdXb9Kto0FyAlzhkC6JBShM&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=the%20leadership%20experience&f=false
Davis, D. E., Rice, K., McElroy, S., DeBlaere, C., Choe, E., Van Tongeren, D. R., & Hook, J. N. (2016). Distinguishing intellectual humility and general humility. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(3), 215224. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied psychology, 86(3), 499. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
Deniz, M. (2006). The relationships among coping with stress, life satisfaction, decision making styles and decision self-esteem: An investigation with Turkish university students. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 34(9), 1161-1170. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.9.1161
Ding, N., Xu, X., Yang, H., Li, Y., & Van Heughten, P. (2020). Decision-making Styles of
Chinese business students. Journal of Education for Business, 95(6), 351-358. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2019.1654968
Eren, E. (2003). Yönetim ve Organizasyon (Ça?da? ve Küresel Yakla??mlar). [Management
and Organization (Contemporary and Global Perspectives)]. Istanbul: Beta Yay?nevi. https://doi.org/10.20448/journal.522.2019.52.362.368
Filipe, L. P., Alvarez, M. J., Roberto, M. S., & Ferreira, J. A. (2020). Validation and invariance across age and gender for the Melbourne decision-making questionnaire in a sample of portuguese adults. Judgement and Decision Making, 15(1), 135-148. http://.doi.org/10.4008/4707
Halbesleben, J. R., Zellars, K. L., Carlson, D. S., Perrewé, P. L., & Rotondo, D. (2010). The moderating effect of work-linked couple relationships and work–family integration on the spouse instrumental support-emotional exhaustion relationship. Journal of occupational health psychology, 15(4), 371. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020521
Hitt, M. A., Miller, C. C., & Collella, A. (2006). Organizational Behavior A Strategic Approach. John Willey and Sons. Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, 155-193. https://www.worldcat.org/title/organizational-behavior-a-strategic-approach/oclc/63143795
Houser, J. D. (1927). What the employer thinks. Harvard Univ. Press. https://doi.org/10.1086/214503
Iaffaldano, M. T., & Muchinsky, P. M. (1985). Job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 97(2), 251. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.97.2.251
Iqbal, H. S., Akhtar, M. M. S., & Saleem, M. (2020). A study of decision making styles of academic managers in public sector universities of the Punjab. Bulletin of Education and Research, 42(2), 181-196. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1280788
Isaksson, U., Hajdarevi?, S., Jutterström, L., & Hörnsten, Å. (2014). Validity and reliability
testing of the Swedish version of Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire. Scandinavian journal of caring sciences, 28(2), 405-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12052
Janis, I. L. (1982). Decision making under stress. Handbook of stress: Theoretical and
clinical aspects, 2, 56-74. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791464
Johnston, J. H., Driskell, J. E., & Salas, E. (1997). Vigilant and hyper vigilant decision making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(4), 614. https://doi.org/10.1037.
Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (1995). The Leadership Challenge: How to Keep Getting Extraordinary Things Done in Organizations.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Barry-Posner-2/publication/242601322_An_Instructor's_Guide_to_The_Leadership_Challenge/links/02e7e53b2e29405de7000000/An-Instructors-Guide-to-The-Leadership-Challenge.pdf
Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J. (2018). Humility in servant leadership among Christian student
leaders: A longitudinal pilot study. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 46(4), 253-267. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091647118807177
Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J., & Rouse, S. V. (2016).The development and validation of the comprehensive intellectual humility scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(2), 209-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2015.
Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J., & Rowatt, W. C. (2021). Humility in novice leaders: links to servant
leadership and followers’ satisfaction with leadership. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2021.
Kumar, S., & Gautam, N. (2018). Decision making styles among professor in central university of Bihar-An empirical study of predictors. International Journal of Law and Society, 1(2), 84-91. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20180102.15
Kuster, F., Orth, U., & Meier, L. L. (2013). High self-esteem prospectively predicts better work conditions and outcomes. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(6), 668-675. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550613479806
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer publishing company. Hay traducción en castellano, Es -trés y Procesos Cognitivos. Barcelona (1986), Martínez Roca S.A.
Leary, M. (2018). The psychology of intellectual humility. John Templeton Foundation, 3.
https://www.templeton.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/JTF_Intellectual_Humility_final
Leary, M. R., Diebels, K. J., Davisson, E. K., Jongman-Sereno, K. P., Isherwood, J. C.,
Raimi, K. T., & Hoyle, R. H. (2017). Cognitive and interpersonal features of intellectual humility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(6), 793-813. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217697695
Ma?den, D., & Küçük, A. A. (1993). Investigation of the relationship between locus of
control and self-esteem. 9. In Seminar on Pre-school Education and Dissemination, Ankara. https://doi.org/ 10.20448/journal.522.2019.52.362.368
Mann, L., Burnett, P., Radford, M., & Ford, S. (1997). The Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire: An instrument for measuring patterns for coping with decisional conflict. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 10(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(199703)10:1<1::AID-BDM242>3.0.CO;2-X
Mann, L., Radford, M., Burnett, P., Ford, S., Bond, M., Leung, K., ... & Yang, K. S. (1998). Cross?cultural differences in self?reported decision?making style and confidence. International journal of psychology, 33(5), 325-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/002075998400213
McElroy, S. E., Rice, K. G., Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., Hill, P. C., Worthington Jr, E. L., & Van Tongeren, D. R. (2014). Intellectual humility: Scale development and theoretical elaborations in the context of religious leadership. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 42(1), 19-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164711404200103
Meagher, B. R., Leman, J. C., Bias, J. P., Latendresse, S. J., & Rowatt, W. C. (2015). Contrasting self-report and consensus ratings of intellectual humility and arrogance. Journal of Research in Personality, 58, 35-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2015.07.002
M. Verma. (2022) Intellectual humility and decision-making ability. Psychology 228. https://sc.edu/about/offices-and-divisions/research/news-and-pubs/carave /archive/ 2021- spring/2021-humility.
Parker, G. B., & Hyett, M. P. (2011). Measurement of well-being in the workplace: The development of the Work Well-Being Questionnaire. The Journal of nervous and
mental disease, 199(6), 394-397. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31821cd3b9
Phillips, J. G., & Ogeil, R. P. (2017). Cannabis, alcohol use, psychological distress, and decision-making style. Journal of clinical and experimental
neuropsychology, 39(7), 670-681. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2016.1255311
Porter, T., Schumann, K., Selmeczy, D., & Trzesniewski, K. (2020). Intellectual humility predicts mastery behaviors when learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 80, 101888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101888
Rebellow, A. M., & Patra, D. S. (2017). Influence of Self Esteem in Decision Making Styles of Indian Corporate Executives–Public & Private Sectors. Journal of Business and Management, 19(11), 28-36. https://doi.org/10.9790/487X-1911042836
Rokeach, M. (1960). Open and closed mind. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.132.3420.142.b
Shiloh, S., Koren, S., & Zakay, D. (2001). Individual differences in compensatory decision making style and need for closure as correlates of subjective decision complexity and difficulty. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(4), 699710. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00073-8
Sinclair, M., Ashkanasy, N. M., & Chattopadhyay, P. (2010). Affective antecedents of intuitive decision making. Journal of Management & Organization, 16(3), 382-398. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.5172/jmo.16.3.382
Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2015). Recovery from job stress: The stressor?detachment model
as an integrative framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(S1), S72-S103. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1924
Towler, M. (2010). Rational decision making: An introduction. New York, NY: Wiley.
Urieta, P., Aluja, A., Garcia, L.F., Balada, F., & Lacomba, E. (2021). Decision-making and the alternative five factor personality model; exploring the role of personality traits, age, sex, and social positions. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/103389/fpsyg
Vaill, P. (1998). Spirited leading and learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
https://aura.antioch.edu/facbooks/82/
Van Horn, J. E., Taris, T. W., Schaufeli, W. B., & Schreurs, P. J. (2004). The structure of
occupational well-being: A Study among Dutch Teachers. https://doi.org/10.
1348/0963179041752718
Wang, J., & Yang, X. (2019). Intellectual humility and owning one’s limitations. Fudan
Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 12(3), 353-369.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40647-019-00260-8
Warr, P. (1987). Work, unemployment, and mental health. Oxford University Press.
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1987-98751-000
Whitcomb, D., Battaly, H., Baehr, J., & Howard-Snyder, D. (2017). Intellectual humility:
Owning our limitations. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 94(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12228
Zacher, H., & Schmitt, A. (2016). Work characteristics and occupational well-being: the role of age. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1411. https://doi.org/10.3389/.2016.
Published
2025-01-21
How to Cite
Naveed, G., Eman, S. A., Khan, A., & Shamim, F. (2025). True Leaders Never Stop Learning: Relationship between Intellectual Humility, Decision Making Self-Esteem, Decision Making Styles and Occupational Wellbeing among Educational Leaders. Foundation University Journal of Psychology, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.33897/fujp.v9i1.751
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