Resilience as Moderator Between Posttraumatic Stress and Suicidal Ideation among Institutionalized Orphans
Keywords:
Orphans, posttraumatic stress, resilience, suicidal ideation
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Growing without parents is a big trauma in one’s life and after the death of parents children face so many problems that lead mental health problems. Orphans are the important part of our society as they are being neglected and this population is on risk, their mental health cannot be denied.
Methods: In a current study a risk of mental health issues within a neglected population was studied. The moderating role of resilience has also been investigated in posttraumatic stress and suicidal ideation among institutionalized orphans. Sample (N=200) comprised equal number of girls and boys with age range 12-18 years, present in different orphan houses of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Sample was selected through technique of convenient sampling. For data collection Ego Resilience Scale (ERS), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist and Beck Suicidal Ideation Scale were used.
Results: Results indicated a significant positive relationship between posttraumatic stress and suicidal ideation, whereas resilience is negatively correlated with suicidal ideation and posttraumatic stress. Regression analysis showed that resilience proved to be a significant moderator between posttraumatic stress and suicidal ideation in orphans present in institutions. Further t-test analysis revealed significant gender differences on suicidal ideation while non-significant gender differences on posttraumatic stress and resilience.
Conclusion: In this study risk and protective factors are explored. Risk factors are posttraumatic stress and suicidal ideation whether the protective factor is resilience. The relationship between posttraumatic stress and suicidal ideation is significantly moderated by Resilience.
Key words: Orphans, posttraumatic stress, resilience, suicidal ideation
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References
References
Asante, K. O., Meyer-Weitz,A., & Petersen, I. (2016). Mental Health and Health Risk Behaviours of Homeless Adolescents and Youth: A Mixed Methods Study. Child Youth Care Forum, 45, 433–449.
Ayub, N. (2008). Validation of the Urdu translation of the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation. Assessment, 15(3), 287–293.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Ranieri, W. F. (1988). Scale for Suicide Ideation: psychometric properties of a self‐report version. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(4), 499–505.
Benjet, C. (2010). Childhood adversities of populations living in low-income countries: Prevalence, characteristics, and mental health consequences. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 23(4), 356–362.
Bhatta, M.P., Jefferis, E., Kavadas, A., Alemagno, S.A., Shaffer-King, P. (2014). Suicidal Behaviors among Adolescents in Juvenile Detention: Role of Adverse Life Experiences. PLoS ONE, 9(2), e89408.
Block, J. H. & Block, J. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. In W. A. Collins (Ed.), Minnesota symposia on child psychology (Vol.13 pp. 39-60). New Jersey: Erlbaum.
Chapman AL, Dixon-Gordon KL. (2007). Emotional antecedents and consequences of deliberate self-harm and suicide attempts. Suicide & Life Threatening Behavior, 37(5), 543-552.
Divine, D. (2013). Growing Up in an Orphanage: Tales of Personal Resilience. Hazard, Risk and Resilience. New York: IHRR.
Draper, A., & Hancock, M. (2011). Childhood parental bereavement: The risk of vulnerability to delinquency and factors that compromise resilience. Mortality. 16 (4), 285-306.
Fairbank, J.A. & Fairbank, D.W. (2009). Epidemiology of child traumatic stress. Current Psychiatry Reports, 11 (4), 289–295.
Farooqi, Y. N., & Intezar, M. (2009). Differences in self Eesteem of orphan children and children living with their parents. Journal of Research in Social Psychology, 46(2),56-60.
Fayombo, G. (2010). The Relationship between personality traits and psychological resilience among the Caribbean adolescents. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 2(2) 1013-114.
Fernando, C., & Ferrari, M. (2011). Resilience in children of war. Journal of spirituality in mental health, 13, 52-77.
Gearing, R.E., Brewer, K.B., Elkins, J., Ibrahim, R., MacKenzie, M.J., Schwalbe, C.S. (2015). Prevalence and Correlates of Depression Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Suicidality in Jordanian Youth in Institutional Care. Journal of Nervous Mental Disease, 203 (3), 175–181.
Hourani, L., Williams, J., Bray, R.M., Wilk, J. E., Hoge, C.W. Gender Differences in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Help Seeking in the U.S. Army. Journal of Women’s Health, 25 (1), 22-31.
Ibrahim, N., Amit, N., Che Din, N & Ong H.C. (2017). Gender differences and psychological factors associated with suicidal ideation among youth in Malaysia. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 10,129–135.
Khalily, M. T., Gul, S., Mushtaq, R. & Jahangir, S. F. (2012). To examine delayed PTSD symptomatology over time among trauma survivors in Pakistan. The Online Journal of Counselling and Education, 1, 1-11.
Kokkevi, A., Rotsika, V., Arapaki, A., & Richardson, C. (2012). Adolescents’ self‐reported suicide attempts, self‐harm thoughts and their correlates across 17 European countries. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 53(4), 381-389.
Liu, D.W.Y., Fairweather-Schmidt, A. K., Roberts, R. M., Burns, R., & Anstey, K.J. (2014). Does Resilience Predict Suicidality? A Lifespan Analysis. Archives of Suicide Research, 18(4), 453-464.
Mishra, R., & Sondhi, V. (2019). Fostering Resilience among Orphaned Adolescents through Institutional Care in India. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 36(4), 314-337.
Nanayakkara, S., Misch, D., Chang, L., & Henry, D. (2013). Depression and exposure to suicide predict suicide attempt. Depression and Anxiety, 30, 991–996.
Nangiana, S. J. (2002). Relationship of ego resiliency with internal locus of control among adolescents. (Unpublished master research report). National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad.
Ogle, C. M., Rubin, D. C., & Siegler, I. C. (2013). The impact of the developmental timing of trauma exposure on PTSD symptoms and psychosocial functioning among older adults. Developmental Psychology, 49(11), 2191–2200.
Pietrzak, R. H., & J. M. Cook. (2013). Psychological resilience in older U.S. veterans: results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Depression and Anxiety 30, 432-443.
Plener, P.L., Singer, H., & Goldbeck, L. (2011).Traumatic events and suicidality in a German adolescent community sample. Journal of traumatic stress, 24(1), 121-124.
Salami, S. O. (2010). Moderating Effects of Resilience, Self-Esteem and Social Support on Adolescents’ Reactions to Violence. Asian Social Science, 6(12), 101-110.
Shenouda, E., & Basha,S. (2014). Resilience, Social Support, and Stress as Predictors of Suicide Ideation among Public Universities' Students in Egypt. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 7(8), 37-66.
Sorsdahl, K., Stein, D.J., Williams, D.R. & Nock,M.K. (2011). Associations between Traumatic Events and Suicidal Behavior in South Africa. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199 (12), 928-933.
Stone, D.M., & Crosby, A.E. (2014). Suicide Prevention. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 8(6), 404–420.
Suk, E., Mill, J.V., Vermeiren, R., Ruchkin, V., & Schwab-Stone, M. (2009). Adolescent suicidal ideation: A comparison of incarcerated and school-based samples. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 18, 377–383.
Thabet AAM, Elheloub MW, Vostanis P. (2015). Exposure to war traumatic experiences, posttraumatic growth and resilience among university students in Gaza. American Journal of Advanced Medical Sciences (AJAMS), 1(1), 1 -8.
Van der Merwe, L.J., Botha, A., & Joubert, G. (2020). Resilience and coping strategies of undergraduate medical students at the University of the Free State. South African Journal of Psychiatry, 26(0), a1471.
Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1993). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.
Whetten, K., Ostermann, J., Whetten, R., O'Donnell, K., & Thielman, N. (2011). More than the loss of a parent: Potentially traumatic events among orphaned and abandoned children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24 (2), 174-182.
Wisner, B.L., Jones, B., & Gwin, D. (2010). School-based Meditation Practices for Adolescents: A Resource for Strengthening Self-Regulation, Emotional Coping, and Self-Esteem. Children & Schools, 32(3), 150–159.
Yendork, J., & Somhlaba, N. (2016). Stress coping and quality of life: An exploratory study of the psychological wellbeing of Ghanaian orphans placed in orphanages. Children and Youth Services Review, 46, 28-37.
Asante, K. O., Meyer-Weitz,A., & Petersen, I. (2016). Mental Health and Health Risk Behaviours of Homeless Adolescents and Youth: A Mixed Methods Study. Child Youth Care Forum, 45, 433–449.
Ayub, N. (2008). Validation of the Urdu translation of the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation. Assessment, 15(3), 287–293.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Ranieri, W. F. (1988). Scale for Suicide Ideation: psychometric properties of a self‐report version. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(4), 499–505.
Benjet, C. (2010). Childhood adversities of populations living in low-income countries: Prevalence, characteristics, and mental health consequences. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 23(4), 356–362.
Bhatta, M.P., Jefferis, E., Kavadas, A., Alemagno, S.A., Shaffer-King, P. (2014). Suicidal Behaviors among Adolescents in Juvenile Detention: Role of Adverse Life Experiences. PLoS ONE, 9(2), e89408.
Block, J. H. & Block, J. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. In W. A. Collins (Ed.), Minnesota symposia on child psychology (Vol.13 pp. 39-60). New Jersey: Erlbaum.
Chapman AL, Dixon-Gordon KL. (2007). Emotional antecedents and consequences of deliberate self-harm and suicide attempts. Suicide & Life Threatening Behavior, 37(5), 543-552.
Divine, D. (2013). Growing Up in an Orphanage: Tales of Personal Resilience. Hazard, Risk and Resilience. New York: IHRR.
Draper, A., & Hancock, M. (2011). Childhood parental bereavement: The risk of vulnerability to delinquency and factors that compromise resilience. Mortality. 16 (4), 285-306.
Fairbank, J.A. & Fairbank, D.W. (2009). Epidemiology of child traumatic stress. Current Psychiatry Reports, 11 (4), 289–295.
Farooqi, Y. N., & Intezar, M. (2009). Differences in self Eesteem of orphan children and children living with their parents. Journal of Research in Social Psychology, 46(2),56-60.
Fayombo, G. (2010). The Relationship between personality traits and psychological resilience among the Caribbean adolescents. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 2(2) 1013-114.
Fernando, C., & Ferrari, M. (2011). Resilience in children of war. Journal of spirituality in mental health, 13, 52-77.
Gearing, R.E., Brewer, K.B., Elkins, J., Ibrahim, R., MacKenzie, M.J., Schwalbe, C.S. (2015). Prevalence and Correlates of Depression Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Suicidality in Jordanian Youth in Institutional Care. Journal of Nervous Mental Disease, 203 (3), 175–181.
Hourani, L., Williams, J., Bray, R.M., Wilk, J. E., Hoge, C.W. Gender Differences in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Help Seeking in the U.S. Army. Journal of Women’s Health, 25 (1), 22-31.
Ibrahim, N., Amit, N., Che Din, N & Ong H.C. (2017). Gender differences and psychological factors associated with suicidal ideation among youth in Malaysia. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 10,129–135.
Khalily, M. T., Gul, S., Mushtaq, R. & Jahangir, S. F. (2012). To examine delayed PTSD symptomatology over time among trauma survivors in Pakistan. The Online Journal of Counselling and Education, 1, 1-11.
Kokkevi, A., Rotsika, V., Arapaki, A., & Richardson, C. (2012). Adolescents’ self‐reported suicide attempts, self‐harm thoughts and their correlates across 17 European countries. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 53(4), 381-389.
Liu, D.W.Y., Fairweather-Schmidt, A. K., Roberts, R. M., Burns, R., & Anstey, K.J. (2014). Does Resilience Predict Suicidality? A Lifespan Analysis. Archives of Suicide Research, 18(4), 453-464.
Mishra, R., & Sondhi, V. (2019). Fostering Resilience among Orphaned Adolescents through Institutional Care in India. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 36(4), 314-337.
Nanayakkara, S., Misch, D., Chang, L., & Henry, D. (2013). Depression and exposure to suicide predict suicide attempt. Depression and Anxiety, 30, 991–996.
Nangiana, S. J. (2002). Relationship of ego resiliency with internal locus of control among adolescents. (Unpublished master research report). National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad.
Ogle, C. M., Rubin, D. C., & Siegler, I. C. (2013). The impact of the developmental timing of trauma exposure on PTSD symptoms and psychosocial functioning among older adults. Developmental Psychology, 49(11), 2191–2200.
Pietrzak, R. H., & J. M. Cook. (2013). Psychological resilience in older U.S. veterans: results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Depression and Anxiety 30, 432-443.
Plener, P.L., Singer, H., & Goldbeck, L. (2011).Traumatic events and suicidality in a German adolescent community sample. Journal of traumatic stress, 24(1), 121-124.
Salami, S. O. (2010). Moderating Effects of Resilience, Self-Esteem and Social Support on Adolescents’ Reactions to Violence. Asian Social Science, 6(12), 101-110.
Shenouda, E., & Basha,S. (2014). Resilience, Social Support, and Stress as Predictors of Suicide Ideation among Public Universities' Students in Egypt. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 7(8), 37-66.
Sorsdahl, K., Stein, D.J., Williams, D.R. & Nock,M.K. (2011). Associations between Traumatic Events and Suicidal Behavior in South Africa. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199 (12), 928-933.
Stone, D.M., & Crosby, A.E. (2014). Suicide Prevention. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 8(6), 404–420.
Suk, E., Mill, J.V., Vermeiren, R., Ruchkin, V., & Schwab-Stone, M. (2009). Adolescent suicidal ideation: A comparison of incarcerated and school-based samples. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 18, 377–383.
Thabet AAM, Elheloub MW, Vostanis P. (2015). Exposure to war traumatic experiences, posttraumatic growth and resilience among university students in Gaza. American Journal of Advanced Medical Sciences (AJAMS), 1(1), 1 -8.
Van der Merwe, L.J., Botha, A., & Joubert, G. (2020). Resilience and coping strategies of undergraduate medical students at the University of the Free State. South African Journal of Psychiatry, 26(0), a1471.
Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1993). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.
Whetten, K., Ostermann, J., Whetten, R., O'Donnell, K., & Thielman, N. (2011). More than the loss of a parent: Potentially traumatic events among orphaned and abandoned children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24 (2), 174-182.
Wisner, B.L., Jones, B., & Gwin, D. (2010). School-based Meditation Practices for Adolescents: A Resource for Strengthening Self-Regulation, Emotional Coping, and Self-Esteem. Children & Schools, 32(3), 150–159.
Yendork, J., & Somhlaba, N. (2016). Stress coping and quality of life: An exploratory study of the psychological wellbeing of Ghanaian orphans placed in orphanages. Children and Youth Services Review, 46, 28-37.
Published
2023-07-31
Section
Articles
