Parent-Adolescent Relationship, Escape Motive and Problematic Internet Use Among University Students: Gender in Context
Keywords:
internet use, parenting, escape motive, higher education
Abstract
Objective. Present study attempted to assess problematic internet use among university students as affected
by parent-adolescent relationships and escape motive; such that, escape motive mediates the relationship
between parent-adolescent relationship and problematic internet use.
Method. Data were collected through purposive sampling technique from students (N = 585, M = 21.62
years) in public and private universities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
Results. It was conceptualized that secure parent-adolescent relationship negatively associates with escape
motive and problematic internet use, whereas escape motive positively associates with problematic internet
use. Gender was added to the model as a covariate. Mediation analysis demonstrated that escape motive
significantly mediated association between secure parent-adolescent relationship and problematic internet use
irrespective of an individual’s gender (p < .001). Secure parent-adolescent relationship was negatively
associated with low escape motive and problematic internet use.
Implications. Study presented empirical evidence for parents’ role in shaping children’s behaviours.
Secure parent-adolescent relationship help reduce development of escape motive which is associated to
problematic internet use among university students. It could help develop an intervention for addressing
escape motive and hence reducing the problematic internet use.
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References
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Khalid, A., Qadir, F., Chan, S. W., & Schwannauer, M. (2018). Parental bonding and adolescents’ depressive and anxious symptoms in Pakistan. Journal of Affective Disorders, 228, 60-67. https://doi.org/1016/j.jad.2017.11.050
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Khan, M. A., Shabbir, F., & Rajput, T. A. (2017). Effect of gender and physical activity on internet addiction in medical students. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 33(1), 191-194. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.331.11222
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Stanik, C. E., Riina, E. M., & McHale, S. M. (2013). Parent–adolescent relationship qualities and adolescent adjustment in two‐parent African American families. Family Relations, 62(4), 597-608. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12020
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Thatcher, A., & Goolam, S. (2005). Development and psychometric properties of the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire. South African Journal of Psychology, 35(4), 793-809. https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630503500410
Winskel, H., Kim, T. H., Kardash, L., & Belic, I. (2019). Smartphone use and study behavior: A Korean and Australian comparison. Heliyon, 5(7), https://doi.org/e02158.10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02158
Xiuqin, H., Huimin, Z., Mengchen, L., Jinan, W., Ying, Z., & Ran, T. (2010). Mental health, personality, and parental rearing styles of adolescents with an Internet addiction disorder. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking 13(4), 401-406. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0222
Young, K. S. (1999). Internet addiction: Symptoms, evaluation, and treatment. Innovations in Clinical Practice: A Source Book, 17(17), 351-352.
Zafar, B., & Suneel, I. (2018). Relationship between personality traits, attachment styles and internet addiction among Pakistani university students. International Journal of Social Sciences and Educational Studies, 5(1), 96-109. https://doi.org/10.23918/ijsses.v5i1p96
Zhu, J., & Mok, M. M. (2020). Predictors of students' participation in internet or computer tutoring for additional instruction and its effect on academic achievement. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 36(5), 729-740. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12440
Zonash, R. (2017). Perceived parental attachment styles predicting self-efficacy in adolescents. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 27(1), 75-92.
Ahmad, S., Nasreen, L., & Aiman, M. (2020). Shyness and psychological well-being as predictors of problematic internet use among students in Pakistan. Psicología, Conocimiento y Sociedad, 10(3), 7-26. https://dx.doi.org/10.26864/pcs.v10.n3.1
Akhter, N. (2013). Relationship between internet addiction and academic performance among university undergraduates. Educational Research and Reviews, 8(19), 1793 1796. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2013.1539
Ansar, F., Ali, W., Zareef, A., Masud, N., Zahab, S., & Iftikhar, H. (2020). Internet Addiction and Its Relationship with Depression and Academic Performance: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Medical School in Pakistan. International Journal of Medical Students, 8(3), 251-256. https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2020.740
Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). Inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual difference and their relationship to psychological wellbeing in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(5), 427-454. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/BF02202939
Asyriati, R. (2020, January). Parent Attachment and Adolescent’s Problematic Internet Use: A Literature Review. In 5th ASEAN Conference on Psychology, Counselling, and Humanities (ACPCH 2019) (pp. 124-128). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200120.027
Billieux, J., & Van der Linden, M. (2012). Problematic use of the internet and self-regulation: A review of the initial studies. The Open Addiction Journal, 5, 24-29. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874941001205010024
Chng, G. S., Li, D., Liau, A. K., & Khoo, A. (2015). Moderating effects of the family environment for parental mediation and pathological internet use in youths. Cyber Psychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(1), 30-36. https://doi.org/ 10.1089/cyber.2014.0368
Deatherage, S., Servaty-Seib, H. L., & Aksoz, I. (2014). Stress, coping, and internet use of college students. Journal of American College Health, 62(1), 40-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2013.843536
Griffiths, M. (2000). Does Internet and computer "addiction" exist? Some case study evidence. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 3(2), 211-218. https://doi.org/10.1089/ 109493100316067
Haroon, M. Z., Zeb, Z., Javed, Z., Awan, Z., Aftab, Z., & Talat, W. (2018). Internet addiction in medical students. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, 30(4 Suppl.1), S659-S663. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30838826/
Hart, J. R., Coates, E. E., & Smith-Bynum, M. A. (2019). Parenting style and parent-adolescent relationship quality in African American mother-adolescent dyads. Parenting, 19(4), 318-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2019.1642 085
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press.
Hooi, P. S. C. (2011). Influence of parents and peers on internet usage and addiction amongst school-going youths in Malaysia [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Multimedia University, Malaysia. https://shdl.mmu.edu.my/id/eprint/3406
Huang, A. S. C. (2004). The bright and dark side of cyberspace: The paradoxical media effects of Internet use on gratifications, addictions, social and psychological wellbeing among Taiwan's net-generation [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_ 148_20
Irfan, S., & Zulkefly, N. S. (2021). Parent-peer attachment, negative automatic thoughts, and psychological problems among Pakistani adolescents: A moderated mediation model. Current Psychology,40(3), 1-17. https://doi.org/1007/s12144-021-01599-6
Islam, S., Malik, M. I., Hussain, S., Thursamy, R., Shujahat, M., & Sajjad, M. (2018). Motives of excessive Internet use and its impact on the academic performance of business students in Pakistan. Journal of Substance Use, 23(1), 103-111. https://doi.org/1080/14659891.2017.1358305
Javaeed, A., Jeelani, R., Gulab, S., & Ghauri, S. K. (2020). Relationship between internet addiction and academic performance of undergraduate medical students of Azad Kashmir. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36(2), 229. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.2.1061
Kalaitzaki, A. E., & Birtchnell, J. (2014). The impact of early parenting bonding on young adults' Internet addiction, through the mediation effects of negative relating to others and sadness. Addictive Behaviors, 39(3), 733-736. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.12.002
Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 351-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059
Khalid, A., Qadir, F., Chan, S. W., & Schwannauer, M. (2018). Parental bonding and adolescents’ depressive and anxious symptoms in Pakistan. Journal of Affective Disorders, 228, 60-67. https://doi.org/1016/j.jad.2017.11.050
Khan, A. A., Khalid, A., & Iqbal, R. (2019). Revealing the relationship between smartphone addiction and academic performance of students: Evidence from higher educational institutes of Pakistan. Pakistan Administrative Review, 3(2), 74-83. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-63203-4
Khan, M. A., Shabbir, F., & Rajput, T. A. (2017). Effect of gender and physical activity on internet addiction in medical students. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 33(1), 191-194. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.331.11222
Kim, Y., Park, J. Y., Kim, S. B., Jung, I. K., Lim, Y. S., & Kim, J. H. (2010). The effects of Internet addiction on the lifestyle and dietary behavior of Korean adolescents. Nutrition Research and Practice, 4(1), 51-57. https://doi.org/ 10.4162/nrp.2010.4.1.51
Soh, P. C. H., Charlton, J. P., & Chew, K. W. (2014). The influence of parental and peer attachment on internet usage motives and addiction. First Monday, 19(7). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v19i7.5099
Stanik, C. E., Riina, E. M., & McHale, S. M. (2013). Parent–adolescent relationship qualities and adolescent adjustment in two‐parent African American families. Family Relations, 62(4), 597-608. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12020
Tankovsha, H. (2021, February 8). Daily time spent on social networking by internet users worldwide from 2012 to 2020 (in minutes). Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/433871/daily-social-media-usage-worldwide/
Thatcher, A., & Goolam, S. (2005). Development and psychometric properties of the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire. South African Journal of Psychology, 35(4), 793-809. https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630503500410
Winskel, H., Kim, T. H., Kardash, L., & Belic, I. (2019). Smartphone use and study behavior: A Korean and Australian comparison. Heliyon, 5(7), https://doi.org/e02158.10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02158
Xiuqin, H., Huimin, Z., Mengchen, L., Jinan, W., Ying, Z., & Ran, T. (2010). Mental health, personality, and parental rearing styles of adolescents with an Internet addiction disorder. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking 13(4), 401-406. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0222
Young, K. S. (1999). Internet addiction: Symptoms, evaluation, and treatment. Innovations in Clinical Practice: A Source Book, 17(17), 351-352.
Zafar, B., & Suneel, I. (2018). Relationship between personality traits, attachment styles and internet addiction among Pakistani university students. International Journal of Social Sciences and Educational Studies, 5(1), 96-109. https://doi.org/10.23918/ijsses.v5i1p96
Zhu, J., & Mok, M. M. (2020). Predictors of students' participation in internet or computer tutoring for additional instruction and its effect on academic achievement. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 36(5), 729-740. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12440
Zonash, R. (2017). Perceived parental attachment styles predicting self-efficacy in adolescents. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 27(1), 75-92.
Published
2022-12-26
Section
Articles
